@article { author = {Shariati, Khatereh and Peikani, Sahar and Karimi Moonaghi, Hossein and Ghazanfarpour, Masumeh}, title = {Application of Spiral Programming Model in Medical Education: A Review}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {233-241}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.293383.1007}, abstract = {Background: The spiral approach is a technique often used in education where the initial focus of instruction is the basic facts of a subject, with further details being introduced as learning progresses. In present study, we aimed to review the findings and results of various research in the form of a proper structure and extract and report the components of the concept of spiral curriculum, its features, advantages and disadvantages.Materials and Methods: For conducting this review, online databases such as Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, SID, CIVILICA, and Google Scholar were systematically searched without time limit from inception up to March 2021. Based on the searches, 14 papers that concentrated on the spiral educational design model were found, of which spiral educational design model was applied for educational planning of students in nine research studies. These papers were extracted by the research team under close examination and their results.Results: In various steps of repetition that increase the depth of contents at every stage, the results and consequences of applying the model in the spiral curriculum of the subjects from easy to hard are mentioned. Applying this significant approach, the spiral curriculum results in a deep understanding of knowledge, proficiency in performance, building confidence, strengthening long-term memory and strengthening thinking skills, problem solving, and decision-making in the learner. This kind of curriculum includes several characteristics and advantages.Conclusion: The spiral curriculum reinforces learning by linking new knowledge to learners' prior cognitive construction. Spiral curriculum model could be applied at various levels of university education (general and specialized).}, keywords = {Application,Curriculum Planning,Design,medical education,Spiral model}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_132957.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_132957_bd263b840bb89144506d0cff5e25e9d4.pdf} } @article { author = {Yazdanparast, Amer and Dehghani, Neda and Marvi, Nahid}, title = {Educational Atmosphere during Preclinical Science Courses from the Perspective of Medical Students in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {243-251}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.290040.1003}, abstract = {Background: Educational atmosphere is one of the influential factors in teaching and learning processes. This study aimed to investigate the educational atmosphere during the preclinical science courses from the perspective of medical students.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, educational environment was evaluated using the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM). Sampling was conducted via census and the study population included all medical students passing their basic courses in the faculty of medicine affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences in Bushehr, Iran. The measuring tool of educational environment of DREEM is a 50-item questionnaire on a five-item Likert type (0-4) in five domains (ranging from 0 to 200 points). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0.Results: Ninety medical students participated in this study with a mean age of 25.18 + 1.15. Of the participants, 53.3% were male and 91.1% were single. The results showed that, in general, medical students assessed the educational environment of the medical school as semi-favorable. The maximum scores of the dimensions of the educational environment belonged to the areas of social conditions, interaction with professors, and students' perception of learning, respectively. The lowest mean belonged to the educational atmosphere of the faculty. There was a significant relationship between gender, marital status, and age of the students and comments on the five areas of the educational environment (P <0.05).Conclusion: The students evaluated the educational environment of the faculty as semi-favorable and the lowest satisfaction score was related to the educational atmosphere of the faculty. Attitudes of female and single students towards the educational environment were more positive.}, keywords = {atmosphere,Learning,Medical students,Scientific capability,Social conditions,Teachers}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_131604.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_131604_55ddfcee388476a9c002ee273cc4f0eb.pdf} } @article { author = {Esmaeeli, Batool and Esmaeili Shandiz, Elham and Norooziasl, Samaneh and Shojaei, Hoda and Pasandideh, Aliyeh and Khoshkholgh, Roghaie and Fazli, Benyamin and Barkhordari Ahmadi, Farzaneh}, title = {The Optimal Number of Choices in Multiple-Choice Tests: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {253-260}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.311998.1031}, abstract = {One of the long-term issues faced by test designers and educators is the appropriate number of choices in a multi-choice test. Currently, the usual number of options for multiple-choice questions in the medical field are three to five, and it is generally believed that more options are better. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies have provided evidence in favor of using three-choice questions. According to the findings of these studies, the psychometric properties of three-choice questions are similar to four- or five-choice questions and the validity and reliability of the test or the coefficients of difficulty and differentiation do not change significantly with decreasing the number of options. Therefore, reducing the number of questions can reduce the time needed to design tests and take exams, saving the time and energy of the faculty and students. Most studies have concluded that it is cost-effective to use a three-choice question if it does not change the psychometric properties of the test by reducing the number of options.}, keywords = {Exam,question,Number of Options,Faculty,Student}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_139233.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_139233_00d0a422c0d1bf0041863579d5bd358f.pdf} } @article { author = {Jasim Alsadaji, Alaa and Zendeh talab, Hamid Reza and Jasim Mohammed, Zahid and Behnam Vashani, HamidReza}, title = {Comparison of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Patients with Chronic Diseases Referred to Clinics Affiliated with Iranian and Iraqi Teaching Hospitals Regarding COVID-19}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {263-274}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.312860.1035}, abstract = {Background: The effectiveness of health education programs depends on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of research units. Patients with chronic diseases are among the high-risk groups of COVID-19. Due to the large number of Iranian and Iraqi pilgrims in the two countries, the present study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitude, and practice of chronic patients regarding COVID-19.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1000 patients over 18 years of age with chronic diseases referred to Baghdad Medical City (مدینة الطب) in Baghdad (Iraq), and Imam Reza and Ghaem Hospitals in Mashhad (Iran), in 2021. Available sampling was performed, and the standard Akalu knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16.0).Results: The mean age of patients was 54.08 ± 11.13. A total of 35.7% of research units had a high school diploma, more than 77% were married, more than 57% were female, and more than 46% were employed. The mean of knowledge scores in Iranian patients was 7.40± 1.54 and in Iraqi patients was 7.03 ± 1.79, which showed no significant difference (p = 0.63). The mean of attitude scores in Iranian patients was 27.30 ± 3.58 and in Iraqi patients was 26.62 ± 6.72, which showed no significant difference (p = 0.36). The mean of performance scores in Iranian patients was 4.31 ± 1.03 and in Iraqi patients was 3.67 ± 1.32, which showed a significant difference (p <0.05).Conclusion: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice in both groups were unfavorable, but the level of practice in Iranian patients was better than in Iraqi patients.}, keywords = {Attitude,Chronic Diseases - COVID-19,Knowledge,Practice}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_140256.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_140256_e8f73b0d6bef685e7c1cca535aeb4fbe.pdf} } @article { author = {Rajab Dizavandi, Fatemeh and Heydari, Abbas}, title = {Critical Realism: An Emerging Approach in Nursing}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {275-286}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.312417.1033}, abstract = {Background: Critical realism has remarkable consequences in healthcare organizations and especially in nursing. We aimed to explain the role and effects of the philosophical school of critical realism in the nursing profession.Materials and Methods: In this review, online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched with no language limitation up to March 2021. The keywords "Realism, Critical realism, Nursing, Education, Knowledge, Care, Research, and Clinical" were searched separately and also using combined operators (AND, OR, NOT). Results: Nursing teachers should provide a rich learning environment based on critical realism, use their selected content in the curriculum, and pay attention to individual and social factors affecting learning. In the field of nursing research, managers and policy makers can use critical realism to evaluate the available evidence on an issue or topic and achieve a more comprehensive explanation of the results and the effectiveness of interventions and programs. Also, in the clinical field, critical realism emphasizes the involvement of various individual, social, and structural factors in the behavior of nurses and patients and advises nurses to pay attention to the role of these factors in assessing the condition of their clients and notes the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Also, the application of philosophical perspectives in nursing can reduce the gap between theory and clinical knowledge.Conclusion: The realistic approach that emerges from critical realism fits the complexities of health care organizations and helps understand the nature of nursing work and decision making better. However, it seems that not enough attention has been paid to the philosophical roots of this framework in nursing and the result is insufficient application in nursing.}, keywords = {Critical realism,Emerging approach,Nursing}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_139463.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_139463_830d51e6479a227f152088d096b0475c.pdf} } @article { author = {Fattah, Abolfazl and Saadat, Sara and Sistanian, Fatemeh and Badpeyma, Mohaddeseh and Fazeli, Farzaneh and Fazli, Benyamin and Azadi, Hamed}, title = {Food and Nutrition in Relation to the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Review}, journal = {Medical Education Bulletin}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {287-295}, year = {2021}, publisher = {SinaWeb}, issn = {2783-1809}, eissn = {2783-1809}, doi = {10.22034/meb.2021.317807.1038}, abstract = {Due to the lack of definitive treatment for COVID-19 so far, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of the disease. This study aimed to review available information on food and nutrition in relation to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 from various sources. The studies showed that feeding during an illness is different from feeding at normal times. During an illness, in addition to meeting daily needs, attention should be paid to the changes caused by the disease in the body. These changes include loss of appetite, decreased sense of smell and taste, inability to chew and swallow, weakness, reluctance to eat certain foods, and other changes depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Therefore, in patients' nutrition, the patient's condition should be examined and their diet should be prepared according to their condition. Both in normal and emergency situations, it is necessary to observe balance and variety in the consumption of all foods. There was no information available on the association between diet and COVID-19.The best diet recommended for patients with COVID-19 is a soft, high-protein, high-calorie diet. It is recommended to use water, juices, teas, and soups at the beginning of the symptoms. Getting all the necessary vitamins helps increase the level of immunity and fight disease and recovery through its food sources, and food sources containing vitamins and minerals have no precedence over each other. Nevertheless, given the lack of randomized controlled clinical trials of any treatment against COVID-19, medical providers have to utilize therapeutic approaches based on past, often outdated, research.}, keywords = {COVID-19,nutrition,Prevention,treatment}, url = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_141079.html}, eprint = {https://www.medicaleducation-bulletin.ir/article_141079_ddb0c0e0239c6593d0542e10c7df64ce.pdf} }